Isikhulu sezokwelapha sihlola umgibeli ngezimpawu zomkhuhlane endaweni yokufika yeSultan Iskandar Muda International Airport e-Aceh Besar, e-Indonesia, ngomhlaka-27 Januwari.
Uma uye kwamanye amazwe ezinyangeni ezi-2 ezedlule, kungenzeka ukuthi uhlangane nazo: izikhulu zezempilo zikhomba kafushane isibhamu se-thermometer esiphongweni sakho noma zibukele lapho udlula ukuze zihlole izimpawu zokukhwehlela noma ukuphefumula kanzima.Amazwe amaningi manje abukele abagibeli bezindiza abafikayo nabahambayo okungenzeka baphathwe yi-viral disease COVID-19;ezinye zidinga abagibeli ukuthi bagcwalise izimemezelo zezempilo.(Abanye bavele bavimbele noma bahlukanise labo abasanda kuba sendaweni ezishisayo.)
Ukuhlolwa kokuphuma nokungena kungase kubukeke kuqinisekisa, kodwa ulwazi ngezinye izifo lubonisa ukuthi kuyivelakancane kakhulu ukuthi abahlolayo bathole abagibeli abanaleli gciwane.Ngesonto eledlule, abagibeli abayisishiyagalombili kamuva abahlolelwa i-COVID-19 bafika eShanghai bevela e-Italy futhi badlula izibukeli zesikhumulo sezindiza zinganakwa, ngokwesibonelo.Futhi noma ngabe abahloli belithola icala ngezikhathi ezithile, alinawo umthelela ngesikhathi sokuqubuka.
'Ekugcineni, izinyathelo ezihloselwe ukubamba izifo kubahambi zizobambezela ubhubhane lwasendaweni futhi zingaluvimbi,' kusho uBen Cowling, udokotela wezifo eziwumshayabhuqe eNyuvesi yaseHong Kong.Yena nabanye bathi kuvame ukwenziwa ukuhlolwa ukuze kubonakale ukuthi uhulumeni uyalusukumela lolu daba, noma ngabe umthelela ungemkhulu.
Noma kunjalo, abacwaningi bathi, zingaba khona izinzuzo.Ukuhlola nokubuza abagibeli imibuzo ngaphambi kokuba bagibele izindiza—ukuphuma ekuhlolweni—kungase kuvimbele ukuthi abanye abagulayo noma abachayeke egciwaneni bahambe.Ukuhlolwa kokungenela, okwenziwa lapho ufika esikhumulweni sezindiza okuyiwa kuyo, kungaba yithuba lokuqoqa imininingwane yokuxhumana ewusizo uma kuvela ukuthi ukutheleleka kwasakazeka phakathi nendiza kanye nokunikeza abahambi isiqondiso sokuthi benzeni uma begula.
Kuleli sonto nje, iPhini likaMongameli waseMelika uMike Pence, ohola impendulo ye-coronavirus, uthembise 'ukuhlolwa okungu-100%' ezindizeni eziqondile ezisuka e-Italy naseNingizimu Korea ziya e-United States.Izwe laseChina, elibike amacala amasha ayi-143 kuphela izolo, 'lizosebenzisana namazwe ngamazwe ukusungula ukuhlolwa kokuphuma nokungena ezindaweni ezifanele ezihlaselwa yizifo eziwumshayabhuqe,' uLiu Haitao, oyisikhulu kuNational Immigration Administration yaseChina, uthe esithangamini sabezindaba somhla lu-1 kuNdasa eBeijing, ngokusho komsakazi wombuso iCCTV.
Mangaki amacala e-COVID-19 atholakele emhlabeni wonke kuze kube manje akucaci.Okungenani oyedwa waseNew Zealand uvinjelwe ukugibela indiza ephuma eWuhan, eChina, ngemuva kokwehluleka ukuhlolwa kwezempilo, kubika iNew Zealand Herald.Izwe laseMelika liqale ukuhlola ukungena kwezakhamizi zase-US, izakhamuzi zaphakade, kanye nemindeni yazo ebeziseChina ezinsukwini eziyi-14 ezedlule ezikhumulweni zezindiza eziyi-11 ngomhlaka-2 Febhuwari.(Noma ubani omunye oke waba seShayina ngaleso sikhathi akakwazi ukungena ezweni.) Ngomhla zingama-23 kuNhlolanja, abahambi bezindiza abangu-46,016 base behloliwe;munye kuphela owatholakala ukuthi unalo futhi wavalelwa yedwa ukuze athole ukwelashwa, ngokombiko wangomhla zingama-24 kuFebhuwari ovela e-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).Lokho akukumisi ngokusobala ukusabalala kwaleli gciwane e-United States, okuthe kusukela namhlanje ekuseni kunamacala angama-99 aqinisekisiwe, ngokusho kwe-CDC, kanye namanye angama-49 phakathi kwabantu ababuyiselwe eWuhan kanye nomkhumbi wokuhamba nge-Diamond Princess eYokohama, eJapan.
Ziningi izindlela abantu abangenwe yileli gciwane abangangena ngazo ngenethi.Izikena ezishisayo namathemometha aphathwa ngesandla awaphelele.Ukushiyeka okukhulu ukuthi bakala izinga lokushisa lesikhumba, elingase libe phezulu noma libe phansi kunezinga lokushisa lomzimba eliyisisekelo, imethrikhi eyinhloko yemfiva.Amadivayisi akhiqiza amaphuzu angamanga kanye namanga, ngokusho kwe-EU Health Program.(Izihambi ezihlatshwe umkhosi njengezikena zivame ukudlula ekuhlolweni kwesibili lapho kusetshenziswa khona ama-thermometer omlomo, indlebe, noma amakhwapha ukuze kuqinisekiswe izinga lokushisa lomuntu.)
Abagibeli bangakwazi futhi ukuphuza izidakamizwa ezicindezela umkhuhlane noma baqambe amanga ngezimpawu zabo nalapho bekade beye khona.Okubaluleke kakhulu, abantu abangenwe yileli gciwane basesesigabeni sabo sokufukamela—okusho ukuthi abanazo izimpawu—bavame ukuphuthelwa.Ku-COVID-19, leso sikhathi singaba noma kuphi phakathi kwezinsuku ezi-2 neziyi-14.
Isibonelo esisodwa esimangalisayo sokwehluleka ukuhlolwa kwesikhumulo sezindiza okusanda kudlalwa eChina ngemuva kokuba izakhamizi zaseChina eziyisishiyagalombili, zonke izisebenzi endaweni yokudlela eBergamo, e-Italy, zifike esikhumulweni sezindiza iShanghai Pudong International Airport ngomhla zingama-27 no-29 kuFebhuwari, ngokusho kwemininingwane eqoqwe ndawonye ngemininingwane esesikhumulweni sezindiza. abezindaba bendawo kanye nezimemezelo ezimfushane zeKomidi Lezempilo Nokuhlelwa Komndeni laseLishui, idolobha elisesifundazweni saseZhejiang, elisemngceleni weShanghai.
I-Pudong ibe nenqubomgomo yokuskena bonke abagibeli abafikayo ngemfiva isebenzisa 'i-imaging eshisayo engathinteki' kusukela ngasekupheleni kukaJanuwari;kudinga nokuthi abagibeli babike isimo sabo sempilo lapho befika.Akukacaci ukuthi ngabe kukhona yini kubasebenzi abayisishiyagalombili bendawo yokudlela ababenezimpawu, noma bakuphathe kanjani lokho kubikwa.Kodwa ngemva kokuthatha izimoto eziqashiwe eLishui, idolobha lakubo, omunye wabagibeli wagula;wahlolwa ukuthi une-SARS-CoV-2, igciwane elibangela i-COVID-19, ngomhlaka-1 Mashi.Ngosuku olulandelayo, abayisikhombisa abasele bahlolwa nabo.Bekungamacala okuqala aqinisekisiwe esifundazweni saseZhejiang ngesonto eli-1.
Ekugcineni izinyathelo ezihloselwe ukubamba izifo kubahambi zizobambezela ubhubhane lwasendaweni futhi zingaluvimbi.
Okwenzeka esikhathini esidlule nako akufaki ukuzethemba okukhulu.Ekubuyekezweni kuka-2019 ku-International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, abacwaningi bacubungule amaphepha esayensi ayi-114 kanye nemibiko yokuhlolwa kwezifo ezithathelwanayo eshicilelwe eminyakeni eyi-15 edlule.Iningi lemininingwane imayelana ne-Ebola, isifo esiyingozi esibangelwa amagciwane isikhathi sokufukamela esiphakathi kwezinsuku ezi-2 namaviki angu-3.Phakathi kuka-Agasti 2014 noJanuwari 2016, ukubuyekezwa okutholakele, akukho nelilodwa icala le-Ebola elitholwe phakathi kwabagibeli abangu-300,000 abahlolwe ngaphambi kokugibela izindiza eGuinea, eLiberia, naseSierra Leone, bonke ababenezifo ezinkulu ze-Ebola.Kepha abagibeli abane abangenwe yileli gciwane bashelela lapho behlolwa abantu abaphumayo ngoba bebengakabi nazo izimpawu.
Noma kunjalo, ukuhlolwa kokuphuma kungase kusize ekususeni imingcele eminingi yokuhamba ngokukhombisa ukuthi kuthathwa izinyathelo zokuvikela amazwe angathintekile, kusho leli phepha, elibhalwe nguChristos Hadjichristodoulou noVarvara Mouchtouri baseNyuvesi yaseThessaly kanye nozakwabo.Ukwazi ukuthi ngabe bahlangabezane nokuhlolwa kokuphuma kungase kuvimbe abanye abantu abachayeka ku-Ebola ukuthi bangaze bazame nokuhamba.
Kuthiwani ngokuhlola ngakolunye uhlangothi lohambo?I-Taiwan, i-Singapore, i-Australia, kanye ne-Canada zonke zasebenzisa ukuhlolwa kokungena kwe-acute acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), efana ne-COVID-19 futhi ebangelwa yi-coronavirus, ngesikhathi sokuqubuka kuka-2002-03;akekho obambe iziguli.Kodwa-ke, ukugqashuka kwakuqukethwe kakhulu ngesikhathi kuqala ukuhlolwa, futhi kwafika sekwephuze kakhulu ukuvimbela ukwethulwa kwe-SARS: Wonke amazwe amane noma izifunda zase zinamacala.Phakathi nobhadane lwe-Ebola lwango-2014-16, amazwe amahlanu abuza abahambi abafikayo mayelana nezimpawu kanye nokuchayeka okungenzeka ezigulini futhi ahlolela imfiva.Abazange bathole nelilodwa icala.Kepha abagibeli ababili abangenwe yileli gciwane, be-asymptomatic bashelela ekuhlolweni kokungena, oyedwa e-United States noyedwa e-United Kingdom.
I-China ne-Japan bafaka izinhlelo ezibanzi zokuhlola ukungena ngesikhathi sodlame lomkhuhlane we-H1N1 lwango-2009, kodwa ucwaningo lwathola ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwathwebula izingxenyana ezincane zalabo abangenwe yileli gciwane futhi womabili la mazwe abe nokuqubuka okukhulu noma kunjalo, ithimba liyabika ekubuyekezweni kwalo.Ukuhlolwa kokungenela 'akusebenzi' ekutholeni abahambi abathelelekile, u-Hadjichristodoulou kanye no-Mouchtouri batshela iSayensi.Ekugcineni, abahambi abanezifo ezithathelwanayo ezimbi bafika ezibhedlela, emitholampilo nasemahhovisi odokotela kunokuba babanjwe ezikhumulweni zezindiza.Futhi ukuhlola kuyabiza: I-Canada yachitha imali elinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-5.7 zamaRandi ekuhloleni ukungena kwayo kwa-SARS, futhi i-Australia yachitha u-$50,000 icala ngalinye elitholiwe le-H1N1 ngo-2009, kusho u-Hadjichristodoulou no-Mouchtouri.
Zonke izifo ezithathelwanayo ziziphatha ngendlela ehlukile, kodwa laba ababili abalindele ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwesikhumulo sezindiza ku-COVID-19 kusebenze kangcono kunoSARS noma umkhuhlane wobhubhane.Futhi mancane amathuba okuthi kube nomthelela omkhulu ekuqubukeni kwalesi sifo, kusho uCowling.
Izifundo ezimbili zakamuva zokumodela zenza ukuhlolwa kube umbuzo futhi.Abaphenyi e-European Center for Disease Prevention and Control baphethe ngokuthi cishe u-75% wabagibeli abangenwe yi-COVID-19 nabasuka emadolobheni aseChina athintekile ngeke babonakale ngokuhlolwa.Ucwaningo olwenziwa yiqembu laseLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine luphethe ngokuthi ukuhlolwa kokuphuma nokungena 'akunakwenzeka kuvimbele ukudlula kwabahambi abangenwe yileli gciwane baye emazweni amasha noma ezifundeni lapho bengathola khona ukudluliselwa kwasendaweni.'
Emazweni asamukela ukuhlolwa, i-World Health Organization igcizelela ukuthi akuyona nje indaba yokuphakamisa isibhamu se-thermometer.Ukuhlolwa kokuphuma kufanele kuqale ngokuhlolwa kwezinga lokushisa kanye nezimpawu kanye nezingxoxo zabagibeli ukuze bachayeke koxhumana nabo abasengozini enkulu.Abahambi abanezimpawu kufanele bahlolwe futhi bathole ukuhlolwa, futhi amacala aqinisekisiwe kufanele asuswe ahlukaniswe yedwa futhi alashwe.
Ukuhlolwa kokungenela kufanele kubhangqwe nokuqoqwa kwedatha mayelana nokuthi isiguli sikuphi emasontweni ambalwa adlule okungasiza kamuva ekulandeleni abathintwayo.Abahambi kufanele futhi banikezwe imininingwane yokwandisa ukuqwashisa ngezifo futhi bakhuthazwe ukuba bazijwayeze nenhlanzeko yomuntu siqu, kusho isazi sezifo eziwumshayabhuqe uBenjamin Anderson waseDuke Kunshan University.
2020 Inhlangano YaseMelika Yokuthuthukiswa Kwesayensi.Wonke Amalungelo Agodliwe.I-AAAS inguzakwethu we-HINARI, AGORA, OARE, CHORUS, CLOCKSS, CrossRef kanye ne-COUNTER.
