Wani jami'in lafiya ya duba fasinja alamun zazzabi a tashar jirgin saman Sultan Iskandar Muda da ke Aceh Besar, Indonesia, ranar 27 ga Janairu.
Idan kun yi balaguro zuwa ƙasashen duniya a cikin watanni 2 da suka gabata, ƙila kun ci karo da su: jami'an kiwon lafiya suna nuna bindigar zafin jiki a takaice a goshinku ko kallo yayin da kuke wucewa don bincika alamun tari ko wahalar numfashi. Kasashe da yawa yanzu suna kallon masu isowa da masu tashi sama waɗanda za su iya fama da cutar ta COVID-19; wasu suna buƙatar fasinjoji don cika sanarwar kiwon lafiya. (Wasu kuma suna hana ko keɓe waɗanda kwanan nan suka kasance cikin wuraren da ke fama da barkewar cutar.)
Fitowa da shigarwa na iya zama mai gamsarwa, amma ƙwarewa tare da wasu cututtuka na nuna cewa yana da wuya masu bincike su gano fasinjojin da suka kamu da cutar. A makon da ya gabata, fasinjoji takwas waɗanda daga baya suka gwada ingancin COVID-19 sun isa Shanghai daga Italiya kuma sun wuce masu duba filin jirgin ba tare da an gane su ba, alal misali. Kuma ko da masu binciken sun sami lamarin lokaci-lokaci, kusan ba shi da wani tasiri kan yanayin barkewar cutar.
'Daga karshe, matakan da ke da nufin kamuwa da cututtuka a cikin matafiya za su jinkirta barkewar cutar ne kawai ba tare da hana ta ba,' in ji Ben Cowling, masanin cututtukan cututtuka a Jami'ar Hong Kong. Shi da wasu sun ce sau da yawa ana gudanar da tantancewar don nuna cewa gwamnati na daukar mataki, ko da kuwa tasirin ya yi kadan.
Duk da haka, masu bincike sun ce, za a iya samun amfani. Yin kimantawa da tambayar fasinjoji kafin su hau jirgi-fitar da su-na iya hana wasu da ba su da lafiya ko kuma suka kamu da cutar tafiya. Yin gwajin shiga, wanda aka yi lokacin isowa a filin jirgin sama, na iya zama wata dama ta tattara bayanan tuntuɓar da ke da amfani idan aka gano cutar ta yaɗu a lokacin jirgin da kuma ba matafiya jagora kan abin da za su yi idan sun kamu da rashin lafiya.
A wannan makon kawai, Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka Mike Pence, wanda ke jagorantar mayar da martani na coronavirus, ya yi alƙawarin zazzagewar ''100%'' kan jigilar kai tsaye daga Italiya da Koriya ta Kudu zuwa Amurka. Liu Haitao, jami'in hukumar kula da shige da fice ta kasar Sin, ya fada a wani taron manema labarai na ranar 1 ga Maris a nan birnin Beijing, in ji gidan talabijin na CCTV na kasar Sin, wanda ya ba da rahoton bullar cutar guda 143 kawai a jiya, 'za ta ba da hadin kai a duniya don kafa aikin tantance fita da shiga tare da yankunan da abin ya shafa ke fama da annobar.'
Nawa ne gwajin COVID-19 da aka gano a duk duniya ya zuwa yanzu ba a sani ba. Aƙalla ɗan ƙasar New Zealand ɗaya an hana shi shiga wani jirgin da aka kwashe daga Wuhan na China, bayan ya gaza yin gwajin lafiyarsa, in ji jaridar New Zealand Herald. Amurka ta fara aikin tantance 'yan kasar Amurka, mazaunan dindindin, da iyalansu wadanda suka kasance a kasar Sin a cikin kwanaki 14 da suka gabata a filayen jirgin sama 11 a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu. (Duk wanda ya kasance a kasar Sin a wannan lokacin ba zai iya shiga kasar ba.) Ya zuwa ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, an tantance matafiya 46,016; daya ne kawai aka gwada inganci kuma an kebe shi don magani, a cewar rahoton 24 ga Fabrairu daga Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka ta Amurka (CDC). Wannan a fili bai hana yaduwar cutar ba a Amurka, wanda ya zuwa safiyar yau an tabbatar da bullar cutar guda 99, a cewar CDC, da karin 49 daga cikin mutanen da aka dawo da su daga Wuhan da jirgin ruwa na Gimbiya Diamond a Yokohama, Japan.
Akwai hanyoyi da yawa masu kamuwa da cutar za su iya zamewa ta hanyar yanar gizo. Na'urar daukar hoto ta thermal da ma'aunin zafin jiki na hannu ba cikakke ba ne. Babban gazawa shine suna auna zafin fata, wanda zai iya zama sama ko ƙasa da zafin jiki, ma'aunin ma'aunin zazzabi. Na'urorin suna haifar da abubuwan da ba su dace ba da kuma abubuwan da ba su dace ba, a cewar Shirin Lafiya na EU. (Masu tafiya a matsayin zazzabi ta na'urar daukar hotan takardu galibi suna yin gwajin gwaji na biyu inda ake amfani da ma'aunin zafi da sanyio na baka, kunne, ko na hannu don tabbatar da zafin jikin mutum.)
Fasinjoji kuma na iya shan magungunan da ke hana zazzabi ko yin ƙarya game da alamun su da kuma inda suka kasance. Mafi mahimmanci, mutanen da suka kamu da cutar har yanzu suna cikin lokacin shiryawa - ma'ana ba su da alamun cutar - galibi ana kewar su. Don COVID-19, wannan lokacin na iya zama ko'ina tsakanin kwanaki 2 zuwa 14.
Misali daya mai ban mamaki na gazawar aikin tantance filin jirgin sama da aka buga a kasar Sin bayan da Sinawa takwas, dukkan ma'aikatan gidan abinci a Bergamo, Italiya, sun isa filin jirgin sama na kasa da kasa na Shanghai Pudong a ranar 27 da 29 ga Fabrairu, bisa ga bayanan da aka tattara tare da cikakkun bayanai a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na cikin gida da sanarwar terse na Kwamitin Lafiya da Tsarin Iyali na Lishui, wani birni a lardin Zhejiang, wanda ke iyaka da Shanghai.
Pudong yana da manufar bincikar duk fasinjojin da ke zuwa don zazzaɓi ta amfani da 'hoton yanayin zafi mara lamba' tun daga ƙarshen Janairu; Hakanan yana buƙatar fasinjoji da su ba da rahoton yanayin lafiyarsu yayin isowa. Babu tabbas ko ɗaya daga cikin ma'aikatan gidan abinci takwas ɗin yana da alamun cutar, ko kuma yadda suka gudanar da rahoton. Amma bayan sun dauki motocin haya zuwa Lishui, garinsu, daya daga cikin fasinjojin ya kamu da rashin lafiya; ta gwada inganci don SARS-CoV-2, kwayar cutar da ke haifar da COVID-19, a ranar 1 ga Maris. Washegari, sauran bakwai ɗin sun gwada inganci suma. Su ne karon farko da aka tabbatar da bullar cutar a lardin Zhejiang cikin mako 1.
A ƙarshe matakan da ke da nufin ɗaukar cututtuka a cikin matafiya ba za su jinkirta cutar ba kawai kuma ba za su hana ta ba.
Kwarewar da ta gabata ba ta haifar da kwarin gwiwa ma. A cikin bita na 2019 a cikin Jarida ta Duniya na Binciken Muhalli da Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a, masu bincike sun binciki takaddun kimiyya 114 da rahotanni kan gwajin cututtukan da aka buga a cikin shekaru 15 da suka gabata. Yawancin bayanan sun kasance game da cutar Ebola, mummunar cutar kwayar cuta wacce lokacin daukar ciki ya kasance tsakanin kwanaki 2 zuwa makonni 3. Tsakanin watan Agustan 2014 da Janairu 2016, bitar ta gano, ba a samu ko da mutum daya mai dauke da cutar Ebola a cikin fasinjoji 300,000 da aka tantance kafin su hau jiragen sama a kasashen Guinea, Laberiya, da Saliyo, wadanda dukkansu ke fama da annobar Ebola. Amma fasinjoji hudu da suka kamu da cutar sun zame ta hanyar gwajin fita saboda ba su da alamun cutar tukuna.
Har yanzu, gwajin ficewa na iya taimakawa wajen kawar da wasu tsauraran matakan hana tafiye-tafiye ta hanyar nuna cewa ana daukar matakan kare kasashen da abin ya shafa, in ji jaridar, Christos Hadjichristodoulou da Varvara Mouchtouri na Jami'ar Thessaly da abokan aiki suka rubuta. Sanin cewa za su ci karo da tantance masu fita na iya hana wasu mutanen da suka kamu da cutar ta Ebola ko da kokarin tafiya.
Me game da nunawa a ƙarshen tafiya? Taiwan, Singapore, Ostiraliya, da Kanada duk sun aiwatar da gwajin shigarwa don matsanancin ciwo na numfashi (SARS), wanda yayi kama da COVID-19 kuma wanda coronavirus ya haifar, yayin barkewar 2002-03; babu wanda ya kama wani mara lafiya. Koyaya, barkewar cutar ta kasance mafi yawa a lokacin da aka fara gwajin, kuma ya yi latti don hana gabatar da SARS: Duk ƙasashe ko yankuna huɗu sun riga sun sami kararraki. A lokacin barkewar cutar Ebola na 2014-16, kasashe biyar sun tambayi matafiya masu shigowa game da alamu da yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar ga marasa lafiya da kuma duba zazzabi. Ba su sami ko guda ba. Amma fasinjoji biyu da suka kamu da cutar, fasinjojin asymptomatic sun zame ta hanyar gwajin shigarwa, daya a Amurka daya kuma a Burtaniya.
Kasar Sin da Japan sun kafa shirye-shiryen gwajin shiga da yawa a lokacin cutar ta murar H1N1 ta shekarar 2009, amma bincike ya nuna cewa binciken ya kama wasu kananan kaso na wadanda suka kamu da kwayar cutar kuma duk da haka kasashen biyu sun sami bullar cutar sosai, in ji kungiyar. Binciken shigarwa ba shi da inganci ' wajen gano matafiya masu kamuwa da cutar, Hadjichristodoulou da Mouchtouri sun shaida wa Kimiyya. A ƙarshe, matafiya masu fama da cututtuka masu tsanani suna zuwa asibitoci, dakunan shan magani, da ofisoshin likitoci maimakon a kama su a filin jirgin sama. Kuma tantancewar yana da tsada: Kanada ta kashe kimanin dala miliyan 5.7 wajen tantance shigarta na SARS, kuma Ostiraliya ta kashe dala 50,000 ga duk wanda aka samu H1N1 a shekarar 2009, in ji Hadjichristodoulou da Mouchtouri.
Kowane cuta mai saurin kamuwa da cuta yana da halaye daban-daban, amma duo ba ya tsammanin gwajin tashar jirgin sama don COVID-19 ya fi tasiri fiye da SARS ko mura. Kuma ba shi yiwuwa ya yi tasiri sosai kan yadda annobar ke faruwa, in ji Cowling.
Nazarin ƙirar ƙira guda biyu na baya-bayan nan suna kiran nunawa cikin tambaya kuma. Masu bincike a Cibiyar Kariya da Kula da Cututtuka ta Turai sun kammala cewa kusan kashi 75% na fasinjojin da suka kamu da COVID-19 da balaguro daga garuruwan China da abin ya shafa ba za a gano su ta hanyar gwajin shiga ba. Wani bincike da wata kungiya ta London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine ta gudanar ya kammala cewa gwajin fita da shiga 'ba shi yiwuwa ya hana matafiya masu kamuwa da cuta zuwa sabbin kasashe ko yankuna inda za su iya yada yada gida.'
Ga ƙasashen da duk da haka suka ɗauki gwajin, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta jaddada cewa ba batun riƙe bindigar zafin jiki ba ne kawai. Ya kamata a fara tantancewar ficewar da zafin jiki da duban alamun da kuma tambayoyin fasinjoji don yuwuwar bayyanar da manyan lambobin sadarwa. Yakamata a kara ba matafiya masu alamun alamun ƙarin gwajin likita da gwaji, kuma a mayar da shari'o'in da aka tabbatar zuwa keɓe da magani.
Ya kamata a haɗa gwajin shigarwa tare da tattara bayanai game da inda majiyyaci yake a cikin 'yan makonnin da suka gabata wanda zai iya taimakawa daga baya wajen gano abokan hulɗar su. Yakamata kuma a baiwa matafiya bayanai don kara wayar da kan cututtuka da kuma kwadaitar da su yin tsaftar mutum, in ji masanin cututtukan dabbobi Benjamin Anderson na Jami'ar Duke Kunshan.
2020 American Association for the Advancement of Science. Duk haƙƙoƙin kiyayewa. AAAS abokin tarayya ne na HINARI, AGORA, OARE, CHORUS, CLOCKSS, CrossRef da COUNTER.
